Structuralism
of 40 and 50, the French philosophical scene was characterized by existentialism, mainly through Sartre, phenomenology also appear, return to Hegel and the philosophy of science, Gaston Bachelard. But something changed in the 60's when Sartre is oriented toward Marxism, there is a new fashion, structuralism. Claude Levi Strauss begins this new moviemiento in ethnology that then will follow Lacan in psychoanalysis, Luis Altuhusser in the study of Marxism and finally, Michael Foucault. It should be He notes that Althusser and Foucault rejected the classification of his thought within and structuralism, and in fact, only Levi Strauss made an explicit reflection on structuralism as a method. In any case, it is a retreat from historicist perspectives or attempt subjectivist low find a new direction for research.
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can not say clearly that structuralism is a school, but rather a methodological approach to the human sciences, such as cultural anthropology, linguistics, history ... however, the method has lead philosophical consideration.
The concept of structure
Lévi-Strauss has defined the conditions that involve the concept of structure:
1. SYSTEM involve character. This is that its elements are related in a way that the modification of any of them require an amendment to everyone else.
2. Like all models belonging to a group of transformations, each of which corresponds to a model of the same family, so that all of these transformations is a group of models.
3. The properties previously set predict, how the model will react in the event that any of its element is changed.
4. The model should be constructed so that its operation can account for all the observed facts.
A structure, it is not observable empirical reality but a theoretical explanatory model built induction but not as hypothesized. It differs and "structure" of "event."
The structure does not consider the terms themselves but to their relations, is therefore a system of relations and transformations, controlled by an internal cohesion that is revealed in the study of their transformations.
Piaget has defined the structures by three characteristics:
1. Whole: it is a system that has more properties than their single elements.
2. Transformations, has a dynamic balance
3. Self-regulation: the system is closed and autoconserva, because it is a self-regulating system of transformations.
structuralist method
The concept of structure, or the like, is, of course, prior to its use by the French structuralist. Was present in mathematics through the concept of "group" and logic as "formalization" and even in physics and biology. The equivalent in psychology, can be found in the concept of gestalt (form), used School of Gestalt whose main objective was to overcome the proposals of the relational theory. Lewin TRALSA the gestalt concept of social psychology, Freud develops a structural model of the repressed unconscious (ego-id-superego) and even Marx used the concept of superestrctura infraestrctura and to establish the assumptions of historical materialism.
However, structuralism draws especially on the linguistics of Saussure, who distinguished between "language" and "talks" considering the language as a "sign system" independent of the use of it and so does the individual proposed the creation of a new science.
Thus, Lévi-Strauss thinks that social phenomena provide the basis of signs and that any society can be studied as a system of sinuses, and can be considered as such the rules of marriage and kinship systems as a kind of language, a set of operations to ensure, among individuals and groups certain types of communication. That is, a society can be considered as a set of signs, language or communication, although at different levels: communication of women (prohibition of incest, exogamy), sharing of goods or services, to communicate messages. The method for its study will explore the structure system or that game. Since in any case, it is always about social phenomena can be regarded as signs, the methodology can be the same as that used by structural linguistics.
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